Up to the 1980s, most natural language processing systems were based on complex sets of hand-written rules. An important development (that eventually led to the statistical turn in the 1990s) was the rising importance of quantitative evaluation in this period. Other lines of research were continued, e.g., the development of chatterbots with Racter and Jabberwacky. Focus areas of the time included research on rule-based parsing (e.g., the development of HPSG as a computational operationalization of generative grammar), morphology (e.g., two-level morphology ), semantics (e.g., Lesk algorithm), reference (e.g., within Centering Theory ) and other areas of natural language understanding (e.g., in the Rhetorical Structure Theory).
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